The Shawshank Redemption And Exploring The Espoused Values...

After viewing the film The Shawshank Redemption and exploring the espoused values of the religion inside the prison, and how the leaders proclaimed to stand for certain beliefs but their actions counteracted that, then exposing a system of oppression. I was encouraged to think about groups that display a false sense of kindness but are manipulative in their actions. Gloriavale is a religious community in New Zealand that claims to stand for God and proclaim to be goodness and light. However they in reality, the leaders of the group use their religion to oppress a community of people. These ideas lead me to explore cults. I have always had the perception of cults as being shady, underground groups of people chanting manically and performing†¦show more content†¦This group fits the definition of a cult perfectly, they were a small select group of people with beliefs that were to the rest of the world, outlandish and strange. They also became dangerous after the leader, Marshal l Applewhite, told them that suicide was the only way to ascend to the spaceship awaiting them to take them to heaven. Not all cults are small groups for example the People s Temple more famously known as Jonestown, had just over 900 members. It was â€Å"a religious group based in California which moved to Guyana in the late 1970s to establish a communalistic utopia. This group became very dangerous as it caused the deaths of 918 people. Nine people died attempting to escape Jonestown including U.S. senator Rep. Leo Ryan, the remaining 909 died in Jonestown of either poisoning or were shot.† I personally was very shocked at how many people died and why it wasn’t investigated properly, the government had information that things were not as it seemed. Instead of investigating they sent senator Ryan, I believe that this was a huge mistake and perhaps if the matter was taken more seriously so many lives wouldn’t have been lost. It does also make me question whether this kind of neglect towards potentially dangerous cults is still occurring. There many methods that cults use to indoctrinate new members and to keep them devoted to the cause and

Leadership Style An Effective Leader - 861 Words

Leadership Style An effective leader has many factors that enable them to be successful. Some of the key characteristics of an effective leader are passion, charisma, dependability, problem solver, communication skills, and multi-tasking abilities. Marquis and Huston (2015) describe four types of leadership styles; autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, and bureaucratic. The autocratic leadership style deals more with acquiring control and accomplishing tasks rather than relationships (Marquis Huston, 2015). This type of leader generally makes independent decisions and uses force to implement power. Democratic leadership differs by having human relations and teamwork as the main focus (Marquis Huston (2015). This leadership welcomes open and two-way communication. Laissez-faire leadership has minimal established policies abstains leading (Marquis Huston, 2015). The bureaucratic style leans on established rules and policies and lacks security (Marquis Huston, 2015). Most of the time, the rules are inflexible and the relationship with staff is impersonal. An effective leader can recognize the needs of the organization and foster that leadership style. W.C. recognizes fairness, consistent decisions, listening ability, and knowledge of the field as key qualities in a leader. She believes she has a combination of democratic and bureaucratic leadership styles. Her bureaucratic style promotes corporate policies and mandated regulatory compliance. Part of the qualities of aShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Leadership Style That Differentiate Effective Leaders9113 Words   |  37 PagesThe purpose of this quantitative correlation study is to examine the degree and extent of a relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership style that differentiate effective leaders. 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Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank

Question: Discuss about the Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank. Answer: Introduction At present driving profitability by aligning the finances helps in achieving business goals by having a deep insight. Financial metrics since ages has been a part of assessing the performance of firms and its role is to measure and monitor specific goals. These are strategic in nature that helps in coordinating by working on the firm effectiveness and efficiency (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). Finance plays an important role by providing benefits in three aspects- controlling environment, lower cost and supporting business. Research Background Banking plays a major role in developing and enhancing nations economy as it provides a link between the money deposited and investors. Commonwealth bank in Australia is a leader in providing financial services by recognizing the financial industry prevalent. The financial objective associated with the group over a period of five years with the objective to be in the quartile of other Australian banks. The strengths in strategic nature are diversified business, scale and brand with 1,100 branches worldwide. The shareholders are staff of the bank that constitutes around 78.5% and on 30 June it was reported that the financial institution has $933,078m (Commbank, 2016). ANZ bank in Australia is serving around 6m commercial and retail customers with 115 centers, 2,700 ATMs, 800 branches and having its own mobile applications. The organization has around 5,000 employees by having its presence felt for 180 years by being fourth largest bank standing alone in Australian market. The financial year ended with Common Equity Tier 1 by having a capital ratio of 9.6% and its branch in Australia is having cash profit that is up to 75 by gaining from the market segments. The profit after income tax accounted to $7,493m with a rise of 3% in the prior year and having a growth in operating income at 5% i.e. $1bn (shareholder, 2015). Research Rationale The research is having a check on analyzing the financial performance of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ Bank two leading banks of Australia. The study is based up on understanding the financial performance of banks as it will help in knowing the profitability and loss of the company. This would help in enhancing the performance by grabbing the market share. The aim of the study is to analyze the financial performance of Commonwealth and ANZ Bank Australia in the market Research Objectives The objectives of the research established by the researcher are given below: To find from the trend analysis the condition of banks by reading financial statements To find the effect of dividend policies on the stock market position of banks To understand the change taking place in capital structures and the reasons for change To understand the influence of profitability ratios on market share of the banks Research Questions What can be concluded about the financial condition of the banks from a trend analysis of the financial statements? What is the effect of the dividend policies on the stock market position of the banks? How have the profitability ratios influenced the market share of the banks? How have the capital structures of the banks changed over the years and what has caused the change? Hypothesis Ho1: Financial condition of the banks helps in generating financial statements by analysing the trend Ho2: Do position of stock market have any effect on dividend policies Ho3: Is there any affect of profitability ratios influencing banks market share Ho4: Is there any change in the capital structure of banks and the reason binding it As per the studies conducted by Johnson, (2007), it is important to analyze the financial performance of the organizations and in this context, there are various parameters that are analyzed to gain an understanding of the financial performance of the business organizations. The different parameters include the following: Financial statements The financial statements of an organization facilitates in assessing the financial well being of the organization as a whole. The information that is collected about the financial results of the business organization and the physical assets proves to be beneficial for the decision making on the part of the management of the organization. However, it is also the fact that these information are also not adequate for taking certain decisions since it does not provide an overall information about the whole business (Paramasivan and Subramanian, 2009). Moreover, in order to gain an understanding of overall organizational financial position and the enterprise relations, there are three financial documents that need to be evaluated. They are: The balance sheet The balance sheet tends to summarize the values of the assets and the liabilities that are owned by the business organizations and the difference between the total assets and total liability of the business is termed as the net worth i.e. the owners equity. Income statement The income statement of the business organization provides relevant information regarding the profit that is generated by the business. The organizations prepare their income statement on an yearly basis and it is also the fact that the accrual income statement of the company is considered to be an effective measure to gain an understanding of the performance of the business and its profitability (Sharma et al., 2016). This is because it takes into consideration the changes that are taking place in the inventory rather than simply taking into consideration the changes that are taking place in the cash transactions. Cash flow statement The cash flow statement provides relevant information regarding the sources and the ways in which the cash resources of the business are utilized (Van Horne, 2006). So, it not only provides information regarding the changes that are taking place in the cash resource of the business within a period of one year, rather it also takes into consideration when the cash has been received and when it has been spent. This is important because relevant information in context to the cash expenditures and cash receipts is beneficial in efficiently managing the business. Financial performance measures The studies conducted by Van Horne, (2008) have put forward the fact that the measures that facilitate in financial analysis of the business can be categorized into liquidity, solvency, profitability, financial efficiency and solvency. Liquidity The liquidity of the business provides relevant information regarding the ability on the part of the business to meet its financial obligations without making any impact on the normal operations of the business that is being carried out. The two measures of liquidity include the working capital and the current ratio. Where current ratio analysis facilitates in measuring the relationship that exist between the total assets of the business and its total liabilities, working capital facilitates in measuring the amount of the funds that are available to the business so that it can purchase its inputs and inventory after selling its current assets and paying out all the current liabilities (Cetina and Gleason, 2007). Solvency Solvency facilitates in analyzing the amount of the borrowed capital that has been used by the business in comparison to the equity capital of the owner that has been invested in the business (Kotane, 2015). So, it can be said that solvency measures ted to provide relevant information regarding the ability of the business to repay its liabilities and the ability of the business to operate as a major financial adversity. Profitability The profitability measures facilitates in gaining an understanding of the degree to which a business can generate profit by making effective utilization of the different factors of production that include the management, labor and capital. So it can be said that the profitability measures helps in analyzing the relationship that tends to exit between the expenses and the revenues of the company. Repayment capacity The analysis of the repayment capacity measures of the business facilitates in analyzing the ability of the business to repay its debt and thus it provides an in depth information regarding capacity of the business to sere additional debt and its ability to makes investments in additional capital after its all cash commitments have been met (Kotane and Kuzmina-Merlino, 2012). Financial efficiency The analysis of the financial efficiency of the business organization facilitates in measuring the degree and extent to which the business is capable of making an effective utilization of the management, capital and labor and it also tends to analyze the relationship that exist between the inputs and the outputs of the firm (Tate and McLinden, 2008). The different measures of the financial efficiency of the business include the operating expense ratio, the asset turnover ratio, the interest expense ratio, depreciation expense ratio and it also provides an in depth insight into the size of the credit reserve of the business. Research Methodology Research methodology helps the researcher in identifying suitable and appropriate research process by working on the research subject. In simple terms it is the technique and tools that helps in conducting the research effectively (Welman et al., 2005). It helps in setting the time-period for conducting the research efficiently. Research Philosophy Research philosophy incorporates knowledge development by acting as the guiding force for the study undertaken. The three types of philosophies are interpretivism, realism and positivism whereas; realism is based up on reality that exists that helps in interpreting the research process. Positivism refers to verifying the research process on the information collected and interpretivism is dependent on external elements in the world of non-objectivity. In this study, the researcher would choose positivism philosophy. Research Approach The two types of approach are inductive and deductive will help the researcher in progressing by having a definite pattern (Kumar, 2005). The inductive approach is established by the researcher when no researcher has been done previously and the subject matter needs to be understood. Deductive approach refers to gathering information that is based up on observation generated via various sources. The researcher would choose deductive approach for generating the knowledge about financial performance of banks. In this outcome will be in-depth by achieving the research objective. Research Design Research design contains the documentation of research process as it is nothing but, blueprint of how the research can be conducted. The various types of research design are- exploratory, descriptive and explanatory design. Descriptive design takes into account the logic behind implementing the theories in the research process (Kothari, 2004). Exploratory design is combination of descriptive and explanatory research process by understanding the ethnography that helps in performing data analysis. Explanatory design is termed as pre-planned process for conducting the research according to the approaches and ideas formulated by researcher. The researcher would implement descriptive design as it helps in analyzing in details the subject matter. Data Collection The researcher would only incorporate research that is taken here from the annual report, results published by the two banks on public forum. Similarly, related books, magazine, journal articles, reports, bulletins and data from Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Research Process The research process is mainly divided into four basic steps. The first step is data collection where financial data as mentioned above will be collected from 2013 to 2016. This data will then be analysed as per the research questions by conducting ratio analysis, majorly along the line of profitability. This will be used to find out the factors of financial performance of the two banks. Then the final conclusion will be made on discussing the analysis with respect to the hypotheses. Sampling Technique The sample would be collected for four years financial data selected from 2013 to 2016 of Commonwealth bank and ANZ which forms the sample size of the study. The study uses a Non-Probabilistic sampling technique. Here, the sample chosen for the research does not involve a random selection (Jha, 2008). Since, the entire financial statements of the four years is being considered, it is a non-probabilistic sampling technique. Also, it is a secondary data study; hence, judgemental technique will be where the research questions will be answered on the basis of the ratio analysis of the banks. (McMurray, 2004). Data Analysis and Presentation In order to suffice the major objective of the study, which is to determine the financial position of Commonwealth Bank and ANZ and its impact on the overall performance and repute of the bank; the financial statements of both the banks will be analysed through different ratios. The data used in this study will include the Balance Sheet where the Equity, Assets and Liabilities of the banks. Many of the profitability ratios described above will be based upon the data received from the balance sheet. The next financial statement that will be analysed here is the Profit Loss Statement where the net income of the organizations can be seen that will serve to be numerators for the profitability ratios mentioned above. The higher the value obtained from these financial statements, the better would be the performance of the banks. The dividend policies of the banks will also be determined with the help of the Profit Loss statements, where earnings and number of shares will be used as determinants. The trends analysed through the financial statements and its subsequent ratio analysis will then be compared with the market share of the two banks year on year, to find out the relation between the two and the level of impact they have on the financial strength of the banks are perceived by the market. The data would be analysed through SPSS software. Limitations In order to collect secondary data from two banks ANZ and Commonwealth Bank Australia is incorporated for conducting quantitative analysis. The access to financial data for two banks would be generated upon extensive literature by reviewing them correctly. With this time is also a factor in order to collect secondary data for being more accurate and formulating up on research objectivity (Welman et al., 2005). The process of undertaking the research is a major component faced by the researcher. Gantt Chart Activities Week 1-3 Week 3-5 Week 5-7 Week 8-10 Week 11-14 Introduction Objective Setting for the Research Data-Secondary Collection Plan Reviewing the Literature Research Methodology Development Secondary Data Collection Interpreting and Analyzing the Secondary Data Final Business Research Ethical Consideration The research has to be conducted by taking into account the ethical consideration by following the code of ethics. The research conducted has to consider that the data collected will take into account the consideration in ethical manner by using techniques and tools. The information confidentiality has to be maintained by collecting the data only for academic purpose. The data analysed will be kept confidential in all nature and aspect (Kumar, 2005). Research Outcome Organization profitability is governed by financial strength that can be determined from various sources. It involves balance sheet that has been a part for many years by expecting the researchers to understand the aspects of both banks. ANZ and Commonwealth Bank Australia are banks present in Australia that is highly potential for proving the profitability ratios. The time period 2013-2016 in banks have to be evaluated effectively. This would help in generating the outcome by evaluating reason for two banks on their performance. It helps in analysing the financial strength of the banks. References anz.com. (2016).Australia Zealand Bank. [online] Available at: https://www.anz.com/about-us/our-company/ [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Brigham, E. and Houston, J. (2004).Fundamentals of financial management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Cetina, J. and Gleason, K. (2007). The Difficult Business of Measuring Bankss Liquidity: Understanding the Liquidity Coverage Ratio.SSRN Electronic Journal. Commbank.com.au. (2016).About Us - Commonwealth Bank overview - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/about-us/our-company/overview.html [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Jha, N. (2008).Research methodology. Chandigarh: Abhishek Publications. Johnson, R. (2005).Financial management. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Johnson, R. (2007).Financial management. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Kotane, I. (2015). Evaluating the importance of financial and non-financial indicators for the evaluation of companys performance.Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development, 37(1), pp.80-94. Kotane, I. and Kuzmina-Merlino, I. (2012). ASSESSMENT OF FINANCIAL INDICATORS FOR EVALUATION OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE.European Integration Studies, 0(6). Kothari, C. (2004).Research methodology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd. Kumar, R. (2005).Research methodology. London: SAGE. McMurray, A., 2004. Research: A Commonsense Approach. Australia: Cengage Learning. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. Paramasivan, C. and Subramanian, T. (2009).Financial management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. shareholder.anz.com. (2015).ANNUAL REPORT. [online] Available at: https://shareholder.anz.com/sites/default/files/2015_annual_report.pdf [Accessed 27 Sep. 2016]. Sharma, S., Shebalkov, M. and Yukhanaev, A. (2016). Evaluating banks performance using key financial indicators a quantitative modeling of Russian banks.The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(1), pp.425-453. Tate, D. and McLinden, D. (2008). Performance Indicators in Business Decision Making.Performance Improvement Quarterly, 5(1), pp.25-34. Van Horne, J. (2006).Financial management and policy. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Van Horne, J. (2008).Fundamentals of financial management. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Welman, C., Kruger, F., Mitchell, B. and Huysamen, G. (2005).Research methodology. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.

Perioperative Nursing Surgical Site Infection

Introduction Perioperative nursing is an integral field in nursing, for it ensures that patients who have undergone surgical operations do not get surgical site infections (SSI). The recovery of patients who have undergone surgical process considerably depends on perioperative care they receive from nurses; hence, perioperative nursing is essential in enhancing patients’ recovery.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perioperative Nursing: Surgical Site Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Belton and Berter (2004) explain that perioperative nurses deliver safe patient care by developing a nursing care plan, coordinating operational activities, and assessing the recovery process of patients (p. 27). Even though surgeons may perform successful surgical operations, SSI threatens to heal wounds and thus affects the recovery of patients. The United States’ statistics indicate that SSI accounts for about 17% of all infections acquired in hospitals and causes complications of 2.6% of over 30 million operations annually (Welsh, 2008, p.2). Thus, SSI is not only an issue that faces the healthcare system but also perioperative nursing care in various hospitals. In this light, this essay examines SSI as an issue in perioperative nursing and further explores the implications of literature recommendations to perioperative nursing and perioperative environment. Surgical Site Infections SSI is a group of infections that usually affects patients who have undergone a surgical operation. During early times before the introduction of antiseptic principles of sterilizing surgical apparatus, many surgical patients used to suffer from SSI, which prolonged their recovery period and at times led to death. Currently, the introduction of antiseptic principles of sterilization has led to a massive advancement in surgery and perioperative nursing (Greene Mills, 2010, p.79). However, in spite of enormou s advancement in the operating room practices, sterilization of apparatus improved surgical techniques and prevention of infections, SSI is still a severe challenge of hospital-acquired diseases. Moreover, hospitals that have limited resources to perform safe surgical procedures and offer effective perioperative care register high rates of SSI, which contribute to mortality rates, yet they are preventable. Belton and Berter (2004) argue that since SSI is posing a severe threat to the efficiency of surgical procedures and recovery of patients, the healthcare system needs to equip perioperative nurses with appropriate technical interventions (p.27). Hence, it is the responsibility of perioperative nurses to ensure that surgical patients receive proper perioperative care to prevent SSI. SSI consists of both endogenous and exogenous pathogens that infect site of surgery since wounds provide a section of entry into the body. Although surgeons may perform their surgical procedure in a ste rile perioperative environment with sanitary equipment, SSI emanates during recovery of a patient.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Portugal and Kneedler (2011) assert that most SSI originates from endogenous flora that resides in patient’s viscera, mucous membranes, and skin, hence challenging to sterilize during the surgical procedure and recovery (p.7). Even though endogenous pathogens are resident, they do not cause any infection unless an incision exposes tissues for them to enter into the body. Thus, surgical operations provide a route through which endogenous pathogens gain entry into the tissues and subsequently cause infections. The endogenous flora is mainly gram-negative and gram-positive aerobes. Comparatively, the exogenous pathogens originate from surgical apparatus and perioperative environment. The extent of SSI depends on the virulence of contaminating pa thogens and state of the wound after a surgical procedure. Therefore, it means that perioperative nurses have a role to play in reducing incidences of SSI among surgical patients. Poor perioperative nursing care has contributed to increasing cases of SSI, particularly among developing countries or hospitals with limited health resources to procure essential surgical apparatus, chemicals, and perioperative nurses. Given  the susceptibility of surgical patients to SSI, many hospitals experience the formidable challenge of preventing their occurrence in the perioperative environment. Even though the healthcare system provides all essential resources, many hospitals are still grappling with increasing incidences of SSI, which has cost many lives, in addition to medical supplies. Portugal and Kneedler (2011) argue that, out of over 30 million surgeries done annually in the United States, about half a million procedures experience further complications due to SSI (p.7). High rates of co mplications associated with SSI mean that about half a million surgical patients are in danger of losing their lives if appropriate interventions are not in place to reverse the trends. If about a half a million of surgical patients are susceptible to SSI in the United States with an advanced healthcare system, what are the trends in developing countries and poorly equipped hospitals across the world? High incidences of SSI despite advancement in surgical procedures imply that perioperative nurses are facing a significant challenge in the delivery of perioperative care.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perioperative Nursing: Surgical Site Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More SSI does not only result in complications that hamper recovery of surgical patients but also increases medical costs to both families and the healthcare system. Due to slowed healing, surgical patients usually endure pain, psychological , and physical suffering as well as increased risk of death. A significant number of surgical patients has succumbed to death due to SSI, although appropriate interventions can prevent their occurrence among patients. Moreover, SSI has increased medical bills of surgical patients, hence growing financial burden to the family and healthcare system. Burton (2007) argues that, according to National Health Service report, SSI increases medical costs of a patient by over $1800 and prolongs stay in hospital by about seven days (p. 124). Additionally, surgical patients took longer to recover fully after discharge because they are dependent on drugs, which take a toll on their medical costs. Thus, perioperative nursing is critical in alleviating the suffering of surgical patients, reducing death risk, and saving a terrific deal of resources, which cost both families and the healthcare system. Recommendations for Preventing SSI Given that SSI poses a formidable challenge to  the healthcare system and perioperative nursing, literature review offers a broad deal of recommendations of preventing SSI in hospitals. Firstly, one of the recommendations of preventing SSI is by use of antimicrobial prophylaxis to control both endogenous and exogenous pathogens. Perioperative nurses should look for potent antibiotics and administer during or before surgery to prevent the entry of pathogens into tissues through excised wounds. Burton (2007) recommends that perioperative nurses should choose antibiotics that target specified pathogens and administer them at an appropriate time to enhance their efficacy and prevent SSI (p.124). Surgical procedures that take more than five hours require additional doses of antibiotics to boost the efficacy of treatment throughout  the operation. Hence, perioperative nurses have to ensure that they prescribe and administer appropriate medicine and dosage to surgical patients to prevent them from getting SSI. Secondly, it is recommendable that per ioperative nurses prepare surgical patients well before letting them undergo any surgical procedure. Portugal and Kneedler (2011) advise that it is necessary to let patients shower with antiseptic before surgery to reduce endogenous pathogens that reside in the skin and visceral surfaces (p. 8).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Antiseptic sterilizes skin, and reduces pathogens load on the surface and subsequently minimizes SSI. Moreover, patients need screening for hyperglycemia, so that in case a patient has a high blood glucose level, perioperative nurses can keep a blood glucose level below 11.1mm/L during 48 hours before the operation. Blood glucose level should be below 11.1mm/L because hypoglycemic surgical patients are prone to SSI. After preparing a patient for the surgical procedure by showering them with antiseptic and maintaining blood glucose level, it is imperative that they should not spend a lot of time waiting to undergo an operation because endogenous pathogens increase with time while blood glucose levels fluctuate. Additionally, it is recommendable that perioperative nurses need to prepare an operation site by clearing obstructing hair in case of any and carrying out disinfection of exogenous pathogens. Recommendations for making patients imply that perioperative nurses should be extra c ritical in preparing patients for surgery. Thirdly, to prevent SSI among surgical patients, it is recommendable that perioperative nurses should ventilate operating theatre accordingly. Ventilation of theatre ensures a pleasant perioperative environment that does not encourage multiplication and contamination by exogenous and endogenous pathogens. Hong and Tam (2009) recommend that a theatre room should have a minimum ventilation rate of 15 air changes every hour, with alerting feature that shows pressure changes (p.10). Laminar flow form of ventilation systems, coupled with ultraviolet radiations, is essential in disinfecting air before allowing it into the theatre. Moreover, the temperature of 20-230C and humidity of 36-60% is essential in creating and maintaining a pathogen-free environment, hence reducing SSI. This implies that theatre needs stringent regulation of ventilation and pressure, and thus demands new technical skills on the part of perioperative nurses. The fourth rec ommendation is that surgeons and perioperative nurses need to wear appropriate surgical attire and drapes to prevent causing SSI during operation. Surgical masks are necessary to cover mouth and nose, while caps are essential to cover head and hair. Breath and falling hair contain pathogens that can potentially cause SSI, and thus, masks and caps prevent them from causing SSI during the process of carrying out surgical operation. Hong and Tam (2009) further recommend that the surgical team need to wear gowns and drapes that are liquid resistant and sterile to prevent pathogens in sweats from causing SSI (p.11). Other surgical teams also need to wear masks, gloves, caps, and gowns that are sterile to prevent them from contaminating air, surgical apparatus, and sterile instruments of operation. Thus, the recommendation to wear appropriate surgical attire during a surgical procedureimplies that perioperative nurses have a responsibility to ensure that all surgical team members have the proper attire to prevent contamination of the perioperative environment and ease perioperative care of patients. The fifth recommendation involves sterilization of surgical instrument as a means of preventing SSI. The surgical instrument needs thorough cleaning, disinfection, and ultimately sterilization before any surgical procedure to guarantee the safety of patients during the operation. Perioperative nurses should not assume that disinfection alone could assure the safety of surgical instruments because some exogenous pathogens are resistant disinfectants. King and Sapnas (2007) explain that surgical instruments that are heat resistant require steam sterilization, while those that are heat sensitive need sterilization techniques that use low temperature and chemicals such as ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid (p.77). Such sterilization methods are central in the prevention of SSI that arises from exogenous pathogens present in surgical instruments. In case of emergency, flash sterilization is appropriate but not always recommended as it is prone to cause SSI. Thus, perioperative nursing needs to develop standard procedures and enhance  the proficiency of nurses in carrying out the sterilization process. It, therefore, implies that perioperative nurses need to be proficient in performing conventional  methods of sterilization to prevent the occurrence of SSI. The sixth recommendation is that the application of appropriate operative techniques and surveillance of SSI during the period of recovery. During operation, the surgical team needs to adhere to aseptic techniques when administering drugs, placing catheters, and inserting other intravascular devices. Hong and Tam (2009) assert that, acceptable operative techniques such as minimal use of instruments, shallow incision to minimize trauma, excision of dead tissue and removal of foreign bodies significantly reduce the occurrence of SSI (p.12). Such operative techniques considerably le ssen incidences of SSI among surgical patients. Moreover, constant surveillance of SSI requires perioperative nurses to make a follow up to ensure that surgical wounds are clean and dressed well under the sterilizing condition to prevent multiplication of pathogens that cause SSI. SSI surveillance is also notable, for it provides feedback to surgeons regarding their surgical operations and recovery of patients. Thus, perioperative nurses have a significant responsibility of ensuring that hospital conducts proper operative techniques and postoperative surveillance of SSI as a means of saving lives and enhancing the recovery of patients. Conclusion Perioperative nursing is particularly beneficial in preventing the occurrence of SSI among surgical patients. In spite of advancement in medical technology, incidences of SSI seem to increase as about half a million of surgical patients experience complications associated with SSI annually. Half million patients are not only at risk of dyin g but also increases medical costs since patients take longer to recover while demanding additional medications necessary in treating SSI. Hence, due to  the challenge of SSI, literature review offers numerous recommendations, which include use of antibiotics, preparation of patients for operation, adequate ventilation of theatre, wearing proper surgical attire, sterilization of surgical instruments, goods operative techniques and surveillance of SSI. References Belton, L., Berter, B. (2004). Perioperative Nursing. National Student Nurses  Association, 6, 27-28. Burton, F. (2007). Preventing Surgical Site Infections. Wound Essentials, 2, 124-131. Greene, L., Mills, R. (2010). Guideline to the Elimination of Orthopedic Surgical Site Infections. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,  1-80. Hong, S., Tam, C. (2009). Recommendations on Prevention of Surgical Site Infection.  Center for Health Protection, 1-26. King, C., Sapnas, K. (2007). Build ing a Business Case for the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse. Preparative Nursing Clinics, 2, 75-79. Portugal, L., Kneedler, J. (2011). Reduction of Surgical Site Infections. Pfiedler  Enterprises, 1-21. Welsh, A. (2008). Surgical Site Infection: Prevention and Treatment of Surgical Site Infection. National Collaborating Center for Women’s and Children’s Health, 1-32. This essay on Perioperative Nursing: Surgical Site Infection was written and submitted by user Gavin Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.